HISTORY OF THE BOROBUDUR Borobudur is a Buddhist temple , Borobudur is located in the village of Magelang regency , Central Java , built by King Samaratungga , one of the kings of ancient Mataram Kingdom , the descendant Wangsa Sailendra . Borobudur name is a combination of words Bara and Budur . Bara from Sanskrit means temple or monastery complex . While Budur Beduhur comes from the word meaning above , thus Borobudur means monastery on the hill. Meanwhile, according to other sources means a mountain having terraces ( budhara ) , while other sources say that Borobudur means monastery on the high ground . Punden Borobudur -shaped building consists of 10 levels , measuring 123 x 123 meters . Height 42 meters before being renovated and 34.5 meters after the renovation because the lowest level is used as a buffer . This Buddhist temple has 1460 relief panels and 504 Buddha effigies in its complex.
Six lowest level in square form and three levels on top of a circle and the highest levels of Buddhist stupa facing to the west . Each level symbolizes the stages of human life . Appropriate school of Mahayana Buddhism , every person who wants to reach the level of a Buddha must go through each stage of the life . * Kamadhatu , the base of Borobudur , symbolizing the people who are still bound by lust . * Rupadhatu , four levels above it , symbolizing human beings that have set themselves free from lust but still bound manner and form . At these levels , the Buddha statue is laid open .
* Arupadhatu , three levels above where the Buddhist stupas are laid in the holes . Symbolizes man who was freed from lust, appearance , and shape . * Arupa , the top of which symbolizes nirvana , where Buddha is residing . Each level has reliefs which will be read coherently run clockwise ( towards the left of the entrance of the temple ) . In the reliefs of Borobudur tells of a legendary story , a variety of story content, among others, there are reliefs of the Hindu epic Ramayana , there is also a relief Jataka stories . In addition, there is also a relief depicting the current state of society .
For example, relief of farmers' activity reflecting the advance of agriculture system and relief of sailing boat representing the advance of the cruise, who was based in Bergotta (Semarang). All relief panels in Borobudur temple reflect Buddha's teachings. A Buddhist from India named Atisha, in the 10th century, had visited the temple which was built three centuries before Angkor Wat in Cambodia and 4 centuries before the Grand Cathedrals in Europe. Thanks to visiting Borobudur and armed Buddha teaching script from Serlingpa (King of Sriwijaya), Atisha was able to develop Buddhism. He became abbot Vikramasila and taught Tibetans of practicing Dharma. Six manuscripts of Serlingpa was condensed into a core teaching is called "The Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment" or better known by the name of Bodhipathapradipa. One of the questions still unanswered about Borobudur is how the condition around the temple was built and why the temple was found in a state buried. Some say Borobudur initially stood dikelilingii swamp and then buried by the eruption of Merapi. It is based on Kalkutta inscription reads 'Amawa' means sea of milk.The word was later interpreted as Merapi lava, chances are Borobudur buried by cold lava of Merapi. The villages around Borobudur, such as Karanganyar and there Wanurejo activities of citizens making crafts. In addition, the top watu Kendil an ideal spot for a panoramic view from the top of Borobudur. May 27, 2006 earthquake and has no impact at all on the temple Borobudur so that the building can still be visited. Borobudur History About three hundred years ago, where this temple is still a shrub that by surrounding residents called Redi Borobudur. For the first time, the name of the script Negarakertagama Borobudur known work Prapanca MPU in 1365 AD, is mentioned about the monastery in Budur. Later in the text Babad Tanah Jawi (1709-1710) there was news about Diamond Fund, a rebel against King Pakubowono I, who was caught in Redi Borobudur and sentenced to death. Then, in 1758, sparked the news of a prince of Yogyakarta, namely Prince Monconagoro, who would like to see a statue of a warrior trapped in a cage. In 1814, Thomas Stamford Raffles got the news of his subordinates on the hill covered with carved stones. Based on the news that Raffles sent Cornelius, an admirer of art and history, to clean up that hill. After cleaned for two months with the help of 200 people, the temple became clear and the restoration was continued in 1825. In 1834, Kedu resident cleans the temple again, and in 1842 the temple stupa reviewed for further research.
Regarding the name Borobudur Borobudur own name many archaeologists who interpret, among them Prof. Dr. Poerbotjoroko Borobudur explains that the word comes from two words Bhoro and Budur. Bhoro derived from Sanskrit which means bihara or dormitory, while the word Budur refer to a word that comes from Bali Beduhur meaning above. This opinion is corroborated by Prof. Dr. WF. Stutterheim who argued that Borobudur means Bihara on top of a hill. Prof. JG. De Casparis basing on Middle Reef Inscription mentioning in this new building, which Sangkala Year: Sagara kstidhara sense, or in Caka 746 (824 AD), or during the Sailendra dynasty that glorifies God Indra. In the inscription didapatlah Bhumisambharabhudhara name means place of worship of the ancestors for the souls of their ancestors. How it happens to be a shift in Borobudur? This happens because the pronunciation of the local community. Development of Borobudur Borobudur created during the Buddhist Sailendra dynasty under the leadership of King Samarotthungga. Architecture that creates the temple, by the public utterances named Gunadharma. Construction of the temple was completed in 847 AD According to the inscription Kulrak (784M) the making of this temple is assisted by a teacher from Ghandadwipa (Bengalore) named Kumaragacya highly respected, and a prince of Kashmir called Visvawarman as an expert counselor in the teachings of Tantric Vajrayana Buddhists.
The construction of this temple began during the Maha Raja Dananjaya who hold Sri Sanggramadananjaya, continued by his son, Samarotthungga, and by his granddaughter, Dyah Ayu Pramodhawardhani. Before restoration, Borobudur just in ruins as well as artifacts newly discovered temple. The next restoration by Raffles and Cornelius during hatmann resident, after that period is then performed in 1907-1911 by Theodorus van Erp that rebuild the temple form from the ruins since the time eaten up the form now. Van Erp is actually an engineer building Genie military with the rank of lieutenant, but then attracted to research and learn the intricacies of Borobudur, from philosophy to the teachings it contains. For that he was trying to make a comparative study for several years in India. He also went to Sri Lanka to see the composition of the Sanchi stupa peak in Kandy, until finally the van Erp discovered form of Borobudur Temple. While the foundation of philosophy and religion found by Stutterheim and NJ. Krom, namely on the Buddha Dhamma with Mahayana-Yogācāra and there is a tendency also mixed with flow-Tantric Vajrayana.
Research on the composition of the temple and the philosophy that carries itself requires a substantial time, especially if linked with other temple buildings are still one family. Such as the Borobudur temple with Pawon and Mendut which are geographically located in one lane. Material Borobudur Borobudur is the second largest temple after temple Angkor Wat in Cambodia. Borobudur Temple building area 15,129 m2, composed of 55,000 m3 of rock, from 2 million pieces of rocks. The average stone size of 25 cm X 10 cm X 15 cm. Stone cut overall length of 500 km with a total weight of 1.3 million tons of rock. The walls of the Borobudur Temple is surrounded by pictures or reliefs which is a series of stories in 1460 terususun panel. The length of each panel 2 meters. If the series of reliefs that laid the approximately 3 km long relief entirely. Number ten levels, the level of 1-6 square, while the rate of 7-10 round. Arca found throughout the temple building amounted to 504 units. Its tall from the ground to the tip of the main stupa was 42 meters, 34.5 meters but now lives after being struck by lightning. According to the survey an anthropologist, ethnologist Austria, Robert von Heine Geldern, the ancestors of Indonesia are familiar with the culture system at the time of Neolithic and Megalithic originating from South Vietnam and Cambodia. At the Megalithic era ancestors of Indonesia made the tomb of his ancestors at the same place of worship in the form of tiered pyramid building, getting to the top is getting smaller.
One of them found in Lebak Sibedug Leuwiliang West Java. Similar buildings are also located in Sukuh near Solo , also Borobudur . If we look from a distance , Borobudur will look like arrangement of building a staircase or a pyramid and a stupa . Unlike the giant pyramid in Egypt and the Pyramids of Teotihuacan in Mexico Borobudur is another version of the pyramid . Borobudur pyramid form kepunden staircase will not be found in the region and any country , including in India . It is one of the advantages of Borobudur temple which is typical Buddhist architecture in Indonesia .
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